Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Discussion

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Discussion

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Perspectives on Personality

 

Eighth Edition

 

Charles S. Carver University of Miami

 

Michael F. Scheier Carnegie Mellon University

 

Acknowledgements of third-party content appear on page 282, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page.

 

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

 

Names: Carver, Charles S., author. | Scheier, Michael, author. Title: Perspectives on personality / Charles S. Carver, Michael F. Scheier, University of Miami, Carnegie Mellon University. Description: Eighth Edition. | New York : Pearson, 2016. | Revised edition of the authors’ Perspectives on personality, 2012. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016001740| ISBN 9780134415376 | ISBN 013441537X Subjects: LCSH: Personality. Classification: LCC BF698 .C22 2016 | DDC 155.2–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016001740

 

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 EB

 

ISBN-10: 0-13-441537-X ISBN-13: 978-0-13-441537-6

 

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To Youngmee Kim

 

CSC

 

To Meredith and Jeremy, who bring great joy to my life

 

MFS

 

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v

 

9: Psychosocial Theories 125

 

10: The Learning Perspective 144

 

11: Self-Actualization and Self- Determination 164

 

12: The Cognitive Perspective 183

 

13: The Self-Regulation Perspective 201

 

14: Overlap and Integration among Perspectives 219

 

1: What Is Personality Psychology? 1

 

2: Methods in the Study of Personality 9

 

3: Issues in Personality Assessment 20

 

4: The Trait Perspective 30

 

5: The Motive Perspective 50

 

6: Genetics, Evolution, and Personality 67

 

7: Biological Processes and Personality 86

 

8: The Psychoanalytic Perspective 105

 

Brief Contents

 

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3.1.4: Subjective versus Objective Measures 22

 

3.2: Reliability of Measurement 22 3.2.1: Internal Consistency 22 3.2.2: Inter-Rater Reliability 23

 

Box 3.2 A New Approach to Assessment: Item Response Theory 23

 

3.2.3: Stability across Time 24

 

3.3: Validity of Measurement 24 3.3.1: Construct Validity 25 3.3.2: Criterion Validity 25 3.3.3: Convergent Validity 26 3.3.4: Discriminant Validity 26 3.3.5: Face Validity 26 3.3.6: Culture and Validity 26 3.3.7: Response Sets and Loss of Validity 27

 

3.4: Two Rationales behind the Development of Assessment Devices 28

 

3.4.1: Rational or Theoretical Approach 28 3.4.2: Empirical Approaches 28

 

3.5: Never-Ending Search for Better Assessment 29 Summary: Issues in Personality Assessment 29

 

4: The Trait Perspective 30 4.1: Types and Traits 30

 

4.1.1: Nomothetic and Idiographic Views of Traits 31

 

4.2: What Traits Matter? 31 4.2.1: Factor Analysis 31 Box 4.1 A Closer Look at Factor Analysis 32

 

4.2.2: Let Reality Reveal Itself 33 4.2.3: Start from a Theory 33 4.2.4: The Interpersonal Circle as Another

 

Theoretical Starting Point 35

 

4.3: The Five-Factor Model 35 4.3.1: What Are the Five Factors? 36

 

4.4: Reflections of the Five Factors in Behavior 37 4.4.1: Extraversion and Agreeableness 37 4.4.2: Conscientiousness, Openness, and

 

Neuroticism 38

 

4.5: Relations to Earlier Trait Models 39

 

4.6: Other Variations 39 4.6.1: Expanding and Condensing the

 

Five-Factor Model 40 4.6.2: Are Superordinate Traits the Best Level

 

to Use? 40

 

4.7: Traits, Situations, and Interactionism 40 4.7.1: Is Behavior Actually Traitlike? 41

 

Box 4.2 How Stable Is Personality over Long Periods? 41

 

Preface xiii

 

About the Authors xv

 

1: What Is Personality Psychology? 1 1.1: Defining Personality 1

 

1.1.1: Why Use the Word Personality as a Concept? 1 1.1.2: A Working Definition 2 1.1.3: Two Fundamental Themes in Personality

 

Psychology 2

 

1.2: Theory in Personality Psychology 3 1.2.1: What Do Theories Do? 3 1.2.2: The Role of Research in Evaluating Theories 3 1.2.3: What Else Makes a Theory Good? 4

 

1.3: Perspectives on Personality 5 1.3.1: Perspectives to Be Examined Here 5 1.3.2: Perspectives Reconsidered 6

 

1.4: Organization within Chapters 6 1.4.1: Assessment 6 1.4.2: Problems in Behavior, and Behavior Change 7

 

Summary: What Is Personality Psychology? 7

 

2: Methods in the Study of Personality 9 2.1: Gathering Information 9

 

2.1.1: Observe Yourself and Observe Others 9 2.1.2: Depth Through Case Studies 9 2.1.3: Depth from Experience Sampling 10 2.1.4: Seeking Generality by Studying

 

Many People 10

 

2.2: Establishing Relationships among Variables 11 2.2.1: Correlation between Variables 12 2.2.2: Two Kinds of Significance 14 2.2.3: Causality and a Limitation on Inference 14 2.2.4: Experimental Research 15 2.2.5: Recognizing Types of Studies 16

 

Box 2.1 Correlations in the News 17 2.2.6: What Kind of Research Is Best? 17 2.2.7: Experimental Personality Research and

 

Multifactor Studies 17 2.2.8: Reading Figures from Multifactor

 

Research 18 Summary: Methods in the Study of Personality 19

 

3: Issues in Personality Assessment 20 3.1: Sources of Information 20

 

3.1.1: Observer Ratings 20

 

Box 3.1 What Does Your Stuff Say about You? 21 3.1.2: Self-Reports 21 3.1.3: Implicit Assessment 21

 

Contents viii Contents

 

4.7.2: Situationism 41 4.7.3: Interactionism 41 4.7.4: Other Aspects of Interactionism 43 4.7.5: Was the Problem Ever Really as Bad as

 

It Seemed? 43

 

4.8: Interactionism as Context-Dependent Expression of Personality 43

 

4.8.1: Fitting the Pieces Together 44

 

Box 4.3 Theoretical Issue: What Really Is a Trait? 45

 

4.9: Assessment from the Trait Perspective 46 4.9.1: Comparing Individuals Using

 

Personality Profiles 46

 

4.10: Problems in Behavior, and Behavior Change, from the Trait Perspective 47

 

4.10.1: The Five-Factor Model and Personality Disorders 47

 

4.10.2: Interactionism in Behavior Problems 47 4.10.3: Behavior Change 48

 

4.11: Problems and Prospects for the Trait Perspective 48 Summary: The Trait Perspective 49

 

5: The Motive Perspective 50 5.1: Basic Theoretical Elements 51

 

5.1.1: Needs 51 5.1.2: Motives 51 5.1.3: Press 52

 

5.2: Needs, Motives, and Personality 52 5.2.1: Motive States and Motive Dispositions 52 5.2.2: Measuring Motives Using the Thematic

 

Apperception Test 53

 

5.3: Studies of Specific Dispositional Motives 53 5.3.1: Need for Achievement 53 5.3.2: Need for Power 55 5.3.3: Need for Affiliation 57 5.3.4: Need for Intimacy 57 5.3.5: Patterned Needs 58

 

5.4: Implicit and Self-Attributed Motives 59 5.4.1: Incentive Value 59 5.4.2: Implicit Motives Are Different from

 

Self-Attributed Motives 59

 

5.5: Approach and Avoidance Motives 60 5.5.1: Approach and Avoidance in

 

Other Motives 61

 

5.6: Motives and the Five-Factor Trait Model 61 5.6.1: Traits and Motives as Distinct and

 

Complementary 61

 

5.7: Personology and the Study of Narratives 62

 

5.8: Assessment from the Motive Perspective 62

 

Box 5.1 The Process Underlying the TAT or the PSE 63

 

5.8.1: Other Implicit Assessments 63

 

5.9: Problems in Behavior, and Behavior Change, from the Motive Perspective 64

 

5.9.1: The Need for Power and Alcohol Abuse 64 5.9.2: Focusing on and Changing Motivation 64

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